高盛:美国电力管道:3月容量反弹,天然气项目管道激增
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摘要
高盛分析2026年3月EIA发电容量数据,显示净容量增加5.1 GW,扭转2月净减少1.8 GW的态势,主要由公用事业级太阳能(+2.4 GW)和电池储能(+2.3 GW)驱动。但截至3月累计新增容量仅占高盛2026年全年净容量增加预估的12%,低于2020年以来20%的平均水平。天然气项目管道在3月激增,新增17 GW项目,其中10 GW瞄准2030年交付,使2030年规划项目达到高盛当年天然气新增预估的232%(2月为99%)。可再生能源管道相对稳定,太阳能和风能管道分别占2026年净新增预估的97%和129%。劳动力约束成为关键瓶颈,NextEra在1Q26电话会上指出劳动力是新建天然气发电的最大制约。高盛维持对天然气中期看好的观点,并推荐受益于天然气发电和CCGT新建的标的,以及受益于可再生能源转型和劳动力规模优势的EPC公司。
主要观点
- 3月净容量增加5.1 GW,大幅反弹,主要来自太阳能(+2.4 GW)和电池储能(+2.3 GW)。
- 2月净减少1.8 GW,3月反弹幅度与2024年3月(4.6 GW)和2025年3月(3.8 GW)相当。
- 截至3月累计新增容量仅占2026年全年预估的12%,低于2020年以来20%的平均水平。
- 太阳能年初至今新增占全年预估的15%,储能占27%,煤炭退役占全年预估3.7 GW的48%。
- 天然气项目管道在3月激增,新增17 GW,其中12 GW来自Fermi America,大部分为CCGT。
- 2030年规划天然气项目占高盛当年预估的232%,较2月的99%大幅上升;2028年占116%(2月110%)。
- 可再生能源管道稳定:太阳能管道占2026年净新增预估的97%,风能占129%。
- 劳动力约束加剧:NextEra在1Q26电话会上指出劳动力是新建天然气发电的最大制约,EPC承包商从几十年前的9-11家减少到仅4家。
- Argan、Primoris、Quanta Services等公司也提到劳动力紧张,尤其是CCGT项目经理和输电线工人。
- 高盛估计到2030年美国电力行业需新增超过50万工人,其中约30万在制造、建设和运维,约20.7万在输配电。
- 劳动力短缺可能加速电网优化/自动化/劳动力效率解决方案的部署,并利好具有劳动力获取优势的现有承包商和公用事业公司。
论述逻辑
EIA 3月数据显示净容量反弹(5.1 GW vs 2月-1.8 GW),但累计进度仍低于历史均值(12% vs 20%),表明全年建设节奏可能偏慢。天然气项目管道激增(17 GW新增,2030年规划达预估232%)强化了高盛对天然气中期看好的观点。可再生能源管道稳定,但2028-2030年管道显著下降,反映税收抵免到期的不确定性。劳动力约束从多个公司财报和行业调查中得到印证,成为项目执行的关键风险。因此,高盛推荐受益于天然气发电和CCGT新建的公用事业公司(DUK、AEP、XEL),以及受益于可再生能源转型和天然气新建的NEE和FSLR,同时推荐具有劳动力规模优势的EPC公司(PWR、MTZ、AGX)。
关键展望
报告未明确给出未来验证点或时间窗口,但指出劳动力约束可能持续,并影响项目执行。高盛预计到2030年美国电力需求CAGR为3.2%,需新增超过50万工人。可再生能源管道在2028-2030年下降可能反映项目开发时间线延长或税收抵免到期的不确定性。
推荐标的
- DUK(买入):受益于天然气发电容量和CCGT新建投资管道。
- AEP(买入):受益于天然气发电容量和CCGT新建投资管道。
- XEL(买入):受益于天然气发电容量和CCGT新建投资管道。
- NEE(买入):受益于可再生能源主题和天然气发电新建。
- FSLR(买入):受益于可再生能源主题。
- PWR(买入):EPC公司,具有劳动力规模优势。
- MTZ(买入):EPC公司,具有劳动力规模优势。
- AGX(买入):EPC公司,具有劳动力规模优势。
关键图表
Exhibit 1: Net capacity increase in Mar/26, driven by Solar and Batteries
Exhibit 2: Coal retirements at 48% of our estimates for the year, renewables at 11%-27%
Exhibit 3: March capacity increase has been strong in the past 3 years
Exhibit 4: Over the past five years, 20% of full year capacity was added by March on average, vs 2026 adds through March representing 12% of our full year forecasts
Exhibit 5: Projects currently in the pipeline for solar capacity represent 97% and 98% of our net adds estimates in 2026 and 2027
Exhibit 6: Similarly, wind projects in the pipeline represent 129% and 92% of estimates in 2026 and 2027
Exhibit 7: 17 GW of natural gas projects got added to the pipeline, the majority (10 GW) added in the 2030 timeline
Exhibit 8: In the US, ~300K additional jobs, across manufacturing, construction, and operations, will be needed to meet power demand by 2030 by our estimates; we also see an additional ~207K jobs needed in our base case for transmission and distribution
Exhibit 9: Total US labor demand for utility and construction transmission & distribution, 2024-2030E
Exhibit 10: The solar pipeline has grown significantly and remains stable at 123GW.
Exhibit 11: Average delays eased since 2024, but recent months show a sharp uptick
Exhibit 12: The share of operating and planned capacity has remained stable, with a small uptick in cancellations
Exhibit 13: Planned solar capacity facing delays has declined from 2024, but remains elevated
Exhibit 14: A growing share of the solar pipeline has approvals pending
Exhibit 15: 66% of remaining 2026 planned Solar Capacity is under construction; 33% is less than halfway built
Exhibit 16: Wind project pipeline flattened after 2021 highs
Exhibit 17: Average delays eased since 2021, but recent months show a sharp uptick
Exhibit 18: Planning pipeline holds steady in last 3 years
Exhibit 19: Planned wind capacity facing 6+ months delays remains elevated
Exhibit 20: Construction activity rebounds in last 12 months
Exhibit 21: Most of remaining 2026 capacity under construction; 60% more than halfway built
Exhibit 22: Natural gas pipeline surges in March
Exhibit 23: Average delays for natural gas projects have declined
Exhibit 24: Cancellation rate for natural gas projects has declined
Exhibit 25: Planned natural gas capacity facing delays has declined
Exhibit 26: Natural gas project development stage
Exhibit 27: Expected natural gas capacity additions by project development stage