摩根士丹利:能源冲击已经到来
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摘要
摩根士丹利在4月23日报告中指出,欧元区4月综合PMI从50.7骤降至48.6,远低于预期(摩根士丹利预测50.7,共识50.1),标志着能源冲击已开始影响经济。报告将2026年第一季度欧元区GDP增速预测下调至0.1%Q(此前0.2%Q),并预计第二季度将停滞(0.0%Q)。服务业PMI大幅下滑,而制造业仍具韧性(52.2),但价格压力显著上升。报告认为,ECB将在6月和9月加息,但面临通胀上升与经济活动放缓的两难困境。关键图表显示,PMI下降速度比2022年更快,且服务业价格传导可能滞后约10个月影响HICP通胀。
主要观点
- 欧元区4月综合PMI为48.6,低于3月的50.7,大幅不及预期(摩根士丹利预测50.7,共识50.1)。
- 所有国家同步下滑,服务业与制造业表现分化:服务业PMI疲软,制造业PMI仍稳健(52.2)。
- 服务业已感受到能源冲击,因消费者需求下降和投入成本上升(如运输)。
- 4月PMI水平与摩根士丹利预测的2Q26 GDP停滞(0.0%Q)一致,且能源冲击对PMI的影响比2022年更快。
- 产出价格显著上升:制造业产出价格指数从55.4升至61.2,服务业从53.3升至55.7。
- PMI价格信号可能领先实际HICP通胀约10个月,但历史关系并不稳定。
- 1Q26 GDP增速预测下调至0.1%Q(此前0.2%Q),低于ECB 3月预测的0.3%Q。
- 2Q26 GDP预测为0.0%Q,基于PMI与增长的经验关系(PMI 50对应零增长,每1点对应0.1个百分点)。
- 就业PMI小幅上升至49.8,与就业持平一致,但存在下行风险。
- ECB面临两难:通胀上升但活动放缓,预计6月和9月加息。
论述逻辑
报告从4月PMI大幅低于预期出发,指出服务业受能源冲击影响显著,而制造业仍具韧性但面临价格压力。通过PMI与GDP的历史关系,推导出2Q26经济停滞的预测。同时,PMI产出价格上升暗示未来通胀风险,但历史数据表明传导并非总是可靠。最终,报告强调ECB在通胀与增长之间的政策困境,并维持6月和9月加息的基线预测。
关键展望
- 1Q26 GDP数据将于4月30日(ECB会议当天)公布,可能低于ECB预测。
- 2Q26 GDP预测存在下行风险,尤其是如果能源价格持续高企。
- 服务业PMI的疲软可能持续,若能源冲击进一步传导至消费者需求。
- 制造业韧性能否持续存疑,取决于德国财政刺激和国防支出的实际效果。
- 通胀风险:PMI价格信号可能在未来几个月推高HICP,但需实际数据确认。
- ECB将在6月和9月加息,但若活动进一步恶化,加息路径可能调整。
推荐标的
报告未明确给出推荐标的。
关键图表
Exhibit 1: Euro area composite PMIs dropped in April-26
Exhibit 2: Services PMIs down and Manufacturing up in April-26
Exhibit 3: Moving down more rapidly than in 2022
Exhibit 4: Industrial and construction activity dropped in January-February
Exhibit 5: Retail sales and exports have low momentum
Exhibit 6: The data flow has continuously pushed our 1Q26 nowcast down
Exhibit 7: Our 2Q26 nowcast softened and we see more downside risks ahead
Exhibit 8: Manufacturing PMIs looked solid across Europe
Exhibit 9: as output and orders did not move much from recent high levels
Exhibit 10: Services PMIs declined again in all countries in April
Exhibit 11: ... which is in sharp contrast with their resilience in the first months of 2022
Exhibit 12: April PMI would be consistent with almost stable employment
Exhibit 13: Employment PMIs moved sideways in April
Exhibit 14: Services output prices moved up in April
Exhibit 15: ... and even more so in the manufacturing sector
Exhibit 16: PMIs have not been a very reliable guide of the actual level of services inflation
Exhibit 17: Increasing manufacturing prices charged do not always come with higher inflation