美国银行:中国观察:1-2月经济活动数据好于预期,降低政策刺激可能性
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摘要
1-2月中国经济活动数据全面超预期,工业增加值同比增长6.3%(预期5.3%),零售销售增长2.8%(预期2.5%),固定资产投资转正至1.8%(预期-5.1%)。基础设施投资大幅反弹至9.8%,制造业投资改善至3.1%,但房地产投资仍收缩11.1%。数据强劲降低了近期进一步政策宽松的可能性,包括大规模财政刺激和降息。失业率季节性上升至5.3%,房地产市场仍承压但跌幅收窄。
主要观点
- 工业增加值增速加快至6.3%,高于12月的5.9%和共识预期的5.3%。
- 制造业增加值升至6.6%(12月5.7%),受出口活动韧性支撑;公用事业供应显著增强至4.7%(12月0.8%)。
- 41个主要行业中35个录得同比增长,电子设备(14.2%)和铁路、船舶等运输设备(13.7%)领先,但汽车生产进一步收缩(-9.9% vs 12月-2.8%)。
- 零售销售增长2.8%(12月0.9%),商品(2.5%)和餐饮服务(4.8%)均改善;春节假期提振烟酒销售(19.1% vs 12月-2.9%)。
- 家电(3.3% vs 12月-18.7%)和家具(8.8% vs -2.2%)明显反弹,缓解了对补贴效果减弱的担忧;汽车销售进一步下滑(-7.3% vs -5.0%)。
- 固定资产投资转正至1.8%,为2025年7月以来首次同比增长,基础设施投资飙升9.8%(12月-16%),制造业投资改善至3.1%(12月-10.6%)。
- 房地产投资仍收缩11.1%,新房销售面积下降15.9%(12月-17.9%),销售额下降21.8%(12月-26.4%)。
- 70城新房价格环比下跌0.28%(12月-0.37%),2月53城房价环比下跌(12月58城)。
- 新开工面积下降23.3%(12月-18.8%),竣工面积下降26.9%。
- 房地产资金来源收缩16.2%(12月-13.5%),国内贷款(-13%)、按揭(-42%)和预售款(-21.6%)均走弱。
- 失业率季节性上升至5.3%(12月5.1%),31个大城市失业率5.1%。
论述逻辑
1-2月数据超预期→基础设施和制造业投资反弹反映4Q25增量政策(政策性金融工具)的滞后效果→经济开局稳健→外部环境(最高法院裁定IEEPA关税非法可能提振外需,但中东紧张和能源价格高企构成风险)→强劲开局降低近期进一步宽松(财政刺激和降息)的可能性,除非增长再度放缓或出现外部冲击。
关键展望
报告未明确给出未来时间窗口或目标价,但指出:
- 最高法院裁定IEEPA相关关税非法可能从3月起为外需提供温和支撑。
- 中东紧张局势和能源价格高企构成潜在下行风险。
- 若增长再度放缓或出现外部冲击,政策宽松可能性将回升。
推荐标的
报告未明确给出推荐标的。
关键图表
Exhibit 1: Jan-Feb FAI, retail sales and IP growth all beat expectation
Exhibit 2: IP and real retail sales growth both picked up in Jan-Feb
Exhibit 3: IP growth accelerated, with utility sector growth picked up most in Jan-Feb
Exhibit 4: IP growth of ferrous and fabricated picked up in Jan-Feb, and that of rubber & plastic accelerated to 7.8% yoy
Exhibit 5: IP growth of industrial robots and IC held up in Jan-Feb, while that of auto and PC remained in contraction
Exhibit 6: Retail sales growth of goods and catering picked up to 2.5% yoy and 4.8% yoy respectively in Jan-Feb
Exhibit 7: Sales growth of tobacco & liquor rebounded notably in Jan-Feb, and that of food and beverage accelerated
Exhibit 8: Sales growth of clothing and jewelry surged to 10.4% yoy and 13% yoy respectively in Jan-Feb, comms appliance held up
Exhibit 9: Sales growth of household appliance and furniture rebounded, while that of auto contracted further
Exhibit 10: Both manufacturing and Infrastructure FAI growth rebounded notably in Jan-Feb
Exhibit 11: Growth of infrastructure rebounded to +9.8% yoy in Jan-Feb, with utility, transport and environment FAI all rebounded
Exhibit 12: New home starts stayed in deep contraction, and sales fell further
Exhibit 13: New starts and completion stayed in double-digit contraction, and sales fell in both value and volume
Exhibit 14: Funding condition for developers deteriorated in Jan-Feb
Exhibit 15: Urban unemployment rate edged up to 5.3% in Feb